A massive genomic study of the microbes living within the termite gut has identified close to 1,000 possible enzymes that break down wood. The plethora of cellulose-digesting proteins could shed light on the insects’ renowned wood-eating capacity and suggest cheaper, more efficient methods for generating cellulosic ethanol.

“The hard part [in producing cellulosic ethanol] is obtaining the metabolic intermediates from things like wood, but that’s the problem the termites have solved,” says Frances Arnold, a scientist at Caltech in Pasadena who was not involved in the research. “This paper provides an explosion of information about the genes involved in wood degradation in the termite.”